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''Boletus aereus'', the dark cep or bronze bolete, is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is widely consumed in Spain (Basque Country and Navarre), France, Italy, Greece, and generally throughout the Mediterranean. Described as a new species in 1789 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard, it is closely related to several other European boletes, including ''B. reticulatus'', ''B. pinophilus'', and the popular ''B. edulis''. Some populations in North Africa have been classified as a separate species, ''B. mamorensis'', although they are phylogenetically very close. The fungus predominantly grows in habitats with broad-leaved trees and shrubs, forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations in which the underground roots of these plants are enveloped with sheaths of fungal tissue (hyphae). The cork oak (''Quercus suber'') is a key host. The fungus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies above ground in summer and autumn. The fruit body has a large dark brown cap, which can reach in diameter. Like other boletes, ''B. aereus'' has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface of the fruit body is whitish when young, but ages to a greenish-yellow. The squat brown stipe, or stem, is up to 15 cm (6 in) tall and thick and partially covered with a raised network pattern, or reticulation. ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described ''Boletus aereus'' in 1789.〔〔 The species epithet is the Latin adjective ''aerěus'', meaning "made with bronze or copper".〔 His countryman Lucien Quélet transferred the species to the now-obsolete genus ''Dictyopus'' in 1886, which resulted in the synonym ''Dictyopus aereus'',〔 while René Maire reclassified it as a subspecies of ''B. edulis'' in 1937.〔 In 1940, Manuel Cabral de Rezende-Pinto published the variety ''B. aereus'' var. ''squarrosus'' from collections made in Brazil,〔 but this taxon is not considered to be taxonomically distinct.〔 In works published before 1987, the binomial name was written fully as ''Boletus aereus'' Fr., as the description by Bulliard had been sanctioned (i.e., treated as if conserved against earlier homonyms and competing synonyms) in 1821 by the "father of mycology", Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries. The starting date for all the mycota had been set by general agreement as 1 January 1821, the date of Fries' work. The 1987 edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi; names can now be considered valid as far back as 1 May 1753, hence predating publication of Bulliard's work.〔 Moroccan collections under the cork oak (''Quercus suber'') that were initially regarded as ''B. aereus'' were described as a separate species—''Boletus mamorensis''—in 1978, on the basis of a rufous chestnut cap and a rooting stipe, or stem, with a reticulation often limited to the top (apex).〔〔 In 2010 however, molecular phylogenetic studies by Bryn Dentinger and colleagues placed these collections close to ''B. aereus'', likely suggesting an ecological variant or subspecies rather than a distinct species.〔 American mycologist Harry Thiers reported ''Boletus aereus'' from California in 1975; however, a taxonomic revision of western North American porcini boletes in 2008 formally established them as a separate species, ''Boletus regineus''. These differ from ''B. aereus'' by nature of their more gelatinous cap skin (pileipellis),〔 and belong in a different porcini lineage.〔 ''Boletus aereus'' is classified in ''Boletus'' section ''Boletus'', alongside close relatives such as ''B. reticulatus'', ''B. edulis'', and ''B. pinophilus''. A genetic study of the four European species found that ''B. aereus'' was sister to ''B. reticulatus''.〔 More extensive testing of worldwide taxa revealed that ''B. aereus'' and the genetically close ''B. mamorensis'' were sister to a lineage that had split into ''B. reticulatus'' and two lineages that had been classified as ''B. edulis'' from southern China and Korea/northern China respectively.〔 Molecular analysis suggests that the ''B. aereus/mamorensis'' and ''B. reticulatus''/Chinese ''B.'' "edulis" lineages diverged around 6 to 7 million years ago.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boletus aereus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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